CJS IMAGE DICTIONARY

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	1) we lost the game because we made too many mistakes 2) we lost the game we made too many mistakes 3) we made too many mistakes well do better next time
	1) We lost the game because we made too many mistakes. 2) We lost the game: we made too many mistakes. 3) We made too many mistakes; we'll do better next time.



	1) I had lamb for lunch fred had steak 2) there was lots on the menu steak fish poultry venison
	1) I had lamb for lunch; Fred had steak. 2) There was lots on the menu: steak, fish, poultry, venison ....
	2) The 4 dots could be just a full stop, but I prefer the dots! THREE dots is possibly more conventional, but I prefer FOUR!



	1) my favourite places are the zoo the botannical gardens and hampton court palace 2) these are my favourite places the zoo the botannical gardens and hampton court palace
	1) My favourite places are the zoo, the botannical gardens and Hampton Court Palace. 2) These are my favourite places: the zoo, the botannical gardens and Hampton Court Palace.
	a : precedes a LIST, but is unnecessary in 1)


	2) Someone is talking about one of the famous "spaghetti westerns".
	1) having never been to mexico I was excited to be going there though I did have some reservations 2) in that film clint eastwood had to deal with three kinds of people the good the bad and the ugly
	1) Having never been to Mexico, I was excited to be going there - though I did have some reservations. 2) In that film, Clint Eastwood had to deal with three kinds of people: the good, the bad and the ugly.
	1) "A dash is a mark of separation stronger than a comma, less formal than a colon, and more relaxed than parentheses."



	1) this is the shopping we need apples and pears carrots and onions beef and lamb 2) we dont need onions courgettes would be better
	1) This is the shopping we need: apples, pears; carrots, onions; beef and lamb. 2) We don't need onions; courgettes would be better.
	1) The ; here separates GROUPS of similar words themselves separated by commas.


	"nigh on" means "almost"
	we found joes place easily your wifes directions were nigh on perfect
	We found Joe's place easily: your wife's directions were nigh on perfect.
	In modern English usage, a complete sentence precedes a colon, while a list, description, explanation, or definition follows it. A comma after 'easily' above would be a catastrophic error.



	1) I don't fancy going to the party lets just stay home and watch a movie instead 2) it was a really wild party jane got drunk tom passed out and bill was arrested
	1) I don't fancy going to the party; let's just stay home and watch a movie instead. 2) It was a really wild party: Jane got drunk; Tom passed out and Bill was arrested.
	2) A COMMA after "passed out" would also be OK in this case.



	1) im doing a years course studying java the most important programming language for the web 2) im going to study physics brian prefers biology 3) I'm going to study physics but brian prefers biology

	CAREFUL! There are two finite clauses ...



	1) im doing a years course studying java the most important programming language for the web 2) im going to study physics brian prefers biology 3) I'm going to study physics but brian prefers biology
	1) I'm doing a year's course studying Java: the most important programming language for the web. 2) I'm going to study physics; Brian prefers IT. 3) I'm going to study physics, but Brian prefers IT.
	School subjects are only capitalised 1) at the beginning of a sentence 2) referring to a national language or 3) if abbreviated; for example, the "IT" for information technology above.


	1) Someone is comparing management and leadership.
	1) management is doing things right leadership is doing the right things peter drucker 2) there are only two things I dont like about him everything he says and everything he does


	1) Someone is comparing management and leadership.
	1) management is doing things right leadership is doing the right things peter drucker 2) there are only two things I dont like about him everything he says and everything he does
	1) "Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things." (Peter Drucker) 2) There are only two things I don't like about him: everything he says, and everything he does.
	1) The brackets () are conventional to indicate the author or origin of a quotation.


	a famous quotation
	two things are infinite the universe and mans stupidity and im not sure about the universe albert einstein
	"Two things are infinite: the Universe and Man's stupidity - and I'm not sure about the Universe." (Albert Einstein)
	1) A comma could replace the dash, but I prefer the latter here: it marks a longish pause. 2) "Universe" is capitalized as Einstein is referring to THE Universe, the ONLY and UNIQUE one. In other scenarios it would not be capitalized. "Man" is capitalized for the same reason.


	This is not an insult to Italians - or to Finns, for that matter!
	1) italians usually talk a lot whereas finns tend to be more reserved 2) italians usually talk a lot finns tend to be more reserved
	1) Italians usually talk a lot, whereas Finns tend to be more reserved. 2) italians usually talk a lot; Finns tend to be more reserved.
	2) MANY people would put a COMMA after "lot", but that is BAD, BAD, BAD!!


	Number 3 starts with a QUESTION asking for confirmation.
	1) the rain caused widespread flooding many villages were cut off 2) the rain caused widespread flooding and many villages were cut off 3) many villages were cut off that's hardly surprising its common in this region


	Number 3 starts with a QUESTION asking for confirmation.
	1) the rain caused widespread flooding many villages were cut off 2) the rain caused widespread flooding and many villages were cut off 3) many villages were cut off that's hardly surprising its common in this region
	1) The rain caused widespread flooding: many villages were cut off. 2) The rain caused widespread flooding, and many villages were cut off. 3) Many villages were cut off? That's hardly surprising; it's common in this region.



	1) bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries with an annual income of only $100 per capita 2) bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries its per capita income is only $100 3) bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries India is far richer these days



	1) bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries with an annual income of only $100 per capita 2) bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries its per capita income is only $100 3) bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries India is far richer these days
	1) Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries, with an annual income of only $100 per capita. 2) Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries: its per capita income is only $100. 3) Bangladesh is one of the world's poorest countries; India is far richer these days. s



	1) this is the first line of charles dickens famous novel a tale of two cities 2) it was the best of times it was the worst of times
	1) This is the first line of Charles Dickens' famous novel: "A Tale of Two Cities". 2) "It was the best of times; it was the worst of times."
	1) The PRINCIPAL words of a book title are capitalized, but not the little grammatical words. 2) Many sources put a COMMA between the two clauses; I prefer a SEMI-COLON: you cannot normally link two finite clauses wth a comma (unless your name is Charles Dickens perhaps!)


	A manager is giving news about a meeting.
	1) theres no need to rush the meeting will be starting an hour later than planned 2) theres no need to rush because the meeting will be starting an hour later than planned


	A manager is giving news about a meeting.
	1) theres no need to rush the meeting will be starting an hour later than planned 2) theres no need to rush because the meeting will be starting an hour later than planned
	1) There's no need to rush: the meeting will be starting an hour later than planned. 2) There's no need to rush, because the meeting will be starting an hour later than planned.
	2) the COMMA is essential.


	an expedition to the summit of Mount Everest ....
	1) four members of the team fell ill however the rest continued the climb 2) four members of the team fell ill but the rest continued the climb nevertheless



	1) four members of the team fell ill however the rest continued the climb anyway 2) four members of the team fell ill but the rest continued the climb nevertheless
	1) Four members of the team fell ill; however, the rest continued the climb anyway. 2) Four members of the team fell ill, but the rest continued the climb nevertheless.



	1) the deer ran off startled by the sudden noise 2) the deer ran off it was obviously startled by the sudden noise
	1) The deer ran off, startled by the sudden noise. 2) The deer ran off; it was obviously startled by the sudden noise.
	1) There is a case for a COLON after "off", because what follows is an explanation. However, I don't think anyone would complain about the comma!



	1) I could no longer work there I just didn't have the motivation Jane felt the same 2) we no longer work there john however does



	1) I could no longer work there I just didn't have the motivation Jane felt the same 2) we no longer work there john however does
	1) I could no longer work there: I just didn't have the motivation; Jane felt the same. 2) We no longer work there; John, however, does.



	1) it was a terrible accident and many people were killed or injured 2) it was a terrible accident many people were killed or injured 3) it was a terrible accident I wasnt there at the time



	1) it was a terrible accident and many people were killed or injured 2) it was a terrible accident many people were killed or injured 3) it was a terrible accident I wasnt there at the time
	1) It was a terrible accident, and many people were killed or injured. 2) It was a terrible accident: many people were killed or injured. 3) It was a terrible accident; I wasn't there at the time.



	1) I like to read novels my wife prefers poetry what about you 2) she gave me two novels for christmas anna karenina and moby dick



	1) I like to read novels my wife prefers poetry what about you 2) she gave me two novels for christmas anna karenina and moby dick
	1) I like to read novels; my wife prefers poetry. What about you? 2) She gave me two novels for Christmas: Anna Karenina and Moby Dick. OR 2) She gave me two novels for Christmas: "Anna Karenina" and "Moby Dick".
	book titles: there are different style guides: either of the above is OK, but I prefer the latter


	1) the last three words are his first book's title
	1) he finished his first book in 1934 the calcified mummy 2) he finished his first book in 1934 his second followed just one year later



	1) he finished his first book in 1934 the calcified mummy 2) he finished his first book in 1934 his second followed just one year later
	1) He finished his first book in 1934: "The Calcified Mummy". 2) He finished his first book in 1934; his second followed just one year later.


	1) John did not know who to blame. 2) Ann blamed Alan.
	1) ann knew who to blame john didnt 3) ann knew who to blame tony however did not	2) ann knew who to blame alan 4) alan was to blame and so was fred


	1) John did not know who to blame. 2) She blamed Alan.
	1) ann knew who to blame john didnt 3) ann knew who to blame tony however did not	2) ann knew who to blame alan 4) alan was to blame and so was fred
	1) Ann knew who to blame; John didn't. 3) Ann knew who to blame; Tony, however did not.	2) Ann knew who to blame: Alan. 4) Alan was to blame, and so was Fred.



	1) the airport terminals are 3km apart most people take the shuttle between them 2) there are three ways to get from terminal 1 to terminal 2 shuttle taxi or on foot 3) most people transit from t1 to t2 by shuttle I prefer to take a taxi



	1) the airport terminals are 3km apart most people take the shuttle between them 2) there are three ways to get from terminal 1 to terminal 2 shuttle taxi or on foot 3) most people transit from t1 to t2 by shuttle I prefer to take a taxi
	1) The airport terminals are 3km apart: most people take the shuttle between them. 2) There are three ways to get from Terminal 1 to Terminal 2: shuttle, taxi or on foot. 3) Most people transit from T1 to T2 by shuttle; I prefer to take a taxi.



	1) there are two kinds of people those who talk and those who act 2) there are two kinds of people I prefer those who do more than just talk 3) if you want something done ask a busy person busy people get things done



	1) there are two kinds of people those who talk and those who act 2) there are two kinds of people I prefer those who do more than just talk 3) if you want something done ask a busy person busy people get things done
	1) There are two kinds of people: those who talk, and those who act. 2) There are two kinds of people; I prefer those who do more than just talk. 3) If you want something done, ask a busy person: busy people get things done.
	1) Omitting the comma after "talk" would not be a great sin ....



	1) it was time to stop ignoring the problem and do something about it 2) it was time to act ignoring the problem was no longer a viable option or so we thought 3) it was time to stop pretending that nothing was wrong it certainly was



	1) it was time to stop ignoring the problem and do something about it 2) it was time to act ignoring the problem was no longer a viable option or so we thought 3) it was time to stop pretending that nothing was wrong it certainly was
	1) It was time to stop ignoring the problem and do something about it. 2) It was time to act; ignoring the problem was no longer a viable option - or so we thought. 3) It was time to stop pretending that nothing was wrong; it certainly was.


	the CEO: Chief Executive Officer
	1) nobody dared to speak everyone was waiting to see what the CEO would say next 2) nobody dared to speak what was on their mind cowards the lot of them


	the CEO: Chief Executive Officer
	1) nobody dared to speak everyone was waiting to see what the CEO would say next 2) nobody dared to speak what was on their mind cowards the lot of them
	1) Nobody dared to speak: everyone was waiting to see what the CEO would say next. 2) Nobody dared to speak what was on their mind; cowards the lot of them.
	the : is followed by an explanation - ; a closely-associated remark abbreviations of TITLES are CAPITALISED: MP. GP, CEO, NGO, UNO, UK etc



	1) Martin Luther King did not set out to be preacher he became one almost by accident 2) Martin Luther King eventually became a preacher a legendary one as it turned out



	1) Martin Luther King did not set out to be preacher he became one almost by accident 2) Martin Luther King eventually became a preacher a legendary one as it turned out
	1) Martin Luther King did not set out to be preacher; he became one almost by accident. 2) Martin Luther King eventually became a preacher: a legendary one as it turned out.



	1) galileo and kepler these astronomers changed the world 2) johannes kepler was an astronomer; he built on the work of galileo 3) johannes was an astronomer who built on the work of galileo



	1) galileo and kepler these astronomers changed the world 2) johannes kepler was an astronomer; he built on the work of galileo 3) johannes was an astronomer who built on the work of galileo
	1) Galileo and Faraday: these scientists changed the world. 2) Johannes Kepler was an astronomer; he built on the work of Galileo. 3) Johannes Kepler was an astronomer who built on the work of Galileo.
	3) a comma after "astronomer" would be wrong, both grammatically and because there is no pause when reading this sentence.



	1) the usa has a large land area 3,794,083 square miles 2) the usa has a large land area canada however is even bigger 3) the usa has a large land area but canada is even bigger



	1) the usa has a large land area 3,794,083 square miles 2) the usa has a large land area canada however is even bigger 3) the usa has a large land area but canada is even bigger
	1) The USA has a large land area: 3,794,083 square miles. 2) The USA has a large land area; Canada, however, is even bigger. 3) The USA has a large land area, but Canada is even bigger.
	Modern British English omits the full-stops after most capitalised abbreviations: USA, UK, MP, GP, CEO etc

COLONS

Colons can ONLY be used after a FINITE CLAUSE: a clause with a verb in a tense.
Colons are used to introduce a second clause or a phrase which is a list or which
explains, illustrates, amplifies, or restates what precedes them:

The results were conclusive: I had had a stroke. (amplification)
This is what's missing from my list: eggs, butter, yogurt and tomato sauce. (list)
I only want one thing from you: the truth. (amplification, example)
We can't deny it: our mission is a failure. (explanation)
Bruce Lee said: "If you love life, don't waste time, for time is what life is made up of." (introducing speech)

SEMICOLONS
1	A semicolon can replace a full stop if the writer wishes to narrow the gap between two closely-linked sentences. 1) Call me tomorrow; you can give me an answer then. / 2) We have paid our dues; we expect all the privileges in the contract. NOTE THAT A COMMA SEPARATING THE CLAUSES WOULD BE TOTALLY AND COMPLETELY WRONG.
2	Avoid a semicolon when a dependent clause comes before an independent clause. Incorrect: Although they tried; they failed. / Correct: Although they tried, they failed.
3	Use a semicolon to separate units of a series when one or more of the units contain commas. Incorrect is: The conference has people who have come from Moscow, Idaho, Springfield, California, Alamo, Tennessee, and elsewhere. Correct: The conference has people who have come from Moscow, Idaho; Springfield, California; Alamo, Tennessee; and elsewhere. (Springfield, California and Alamo, Tennessee GO TOGETHER)
4	A semicolon may be used between independent clauses joined by a connector, such as: and, but, or, nor, etc., when one or more commas appear in the first clause. Example: When I finish here, I'll be glad to help you; and that's a promise I will keep.

COMMAS .....
	EXAMPLE	MEANS
1 2	"Let's eat, Grandma!" said Susie. "Let's eat Grandma!" said Susie.	Susie suggests to Grandma that it's time to eat. Susis suggests to someone that they should eat Grandma.
3 4 5 6	I have one brother who lives in Paris. I have one brother, who lives in Paris. My brother who lives in Paris has died. My sister, who lives in Ipswich, has won the Lottery!	the speaker has MORE THAN ONE brother the speaker has ONLY ONE brother I have more than one brother, and one of them lives in Paris. THAT one has died. I have only ONE sister. She lives in Ipswich and has won the lottery.
7 8	The monkey eats shoots and leaves. The monkey eats, shoots and leaves.	The monkey eats shoots, and it also eats leaves. The monkey eats (something), fires a gun and then leaves to go elsewhere.
9	I went into the first room which was on the right.	There were rooms to the left and right, but I ignored all those on the left and went into the first one on the right, which was acually the 7th room if you include in the count ALL the rooms both left and right.
10	I went into the first room, which was on the right.	There were rooms to the left and right, and I went into the first room (the nearest from my point of departure). That room was on the right.
11 12	"Can I buy a necklace for $10,000?" "No, price too high for me," he replied. "No price too high for me," he replied	a lady mailed her rich husband in NY on business so she didn't buy it so she DID buy it